domestication_domestication托福

1.The Economist 词汇解析（23）

2.驯服的英文

3.麻烦翻译一下这几个国际营销的专业术语

4.求翻译策略，归化异化英文定义，

英语翻译是一门十分专业的英语学问,随着我国向国际化迈进的步伐越来越快,对于英语翻译专业人才的需求也越来越旺盛。接下来我为你整理了，一起来看看吧。

英语翻译的基础知识

1. 异化 foreignization 和归化 domestication

保留原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，叫异化，读者通过这样的译文可以感受到异域文化的东西。例如，把crocodile tears 译为鳄鱼泪，就是异化的翻译方法;舍弃原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，取而代之用译文的文化色彩，或者牺牲这种文化色彩而只翻译出其意义就是归化，就是让原文“归顺”于译文。例如把crocodile tears 译为假惺惺的眼泪，就是归化的翻译方法。

2. 直译 literal translation 和意译 free translation 直译即照着原文直接翻译，例如 藏龙卧虎 – Hidden dragons and hidden tigers. 意译就是抛弃原文形式而只传达其意义，例如 Dutch courage – 酒后之勇

3. 音译 transliteration 比如：store – 士多 cheese –汁斯 风水 –fungshui

4. 翻译的标准：信达雅 faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance “信”指的是忠实于原文的内容和风格 faithful to the content and style of the source text;“达”指的是译文语言流畅自然而不生硬阻滞 the translation or target text should be natural and expressive;“雅”指的是译文译文语言风格尽可能贴近原文风格。

5. 词类的转化 conversion ：名词 动词 形容词 副词 根据表达需要，在翻译中，往往需要进行词类的转化，此外，还包括抽象与具体的转化。

6. 增添法 amplification 比如：增添连线词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等

7. 省略法 omission比如：省略连线词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等

8. 汉语是意合parataxis语言，分句之间的关系是隐性的 covert，英语是形合 hypotaxis 语言，分句之间关系还是显性的 overt

9. 英语的54种基本句型：

SV / SVC / SVO / SVOO / SVOC

10. 比较来说，汉语是动态 dynamic 语言 英语是静态 static 语言;汉语更喜欢使用有灵主语及人或其他有生命的词作主语animate subject，英语更喜欢无灵主语inaminate subject，例如：The sight of the photo reminded me of ...参考教材31面

11. 句子层次来说，英译汉常要分division, 汉译英常要合 bination.

　英语翻译的题目

饺子

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1 擀皮、2 备馅、3 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

Dumplings

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---

Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1 make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;

2 prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3 make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

剪纸

剪纸paper cutting是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史,在明朝和清朝时期

the Ming and Qing Dynasties特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间,剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色,象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎,经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese papercutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly duringthe Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings areused to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyousatmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizeshealth and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it isoften given as a present to foreign friends.

大四

现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看**，他们就会有一中内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心理就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。

Nowadays, college students bear great/heavy academic pressure. You will find all of them, except seniors who are beginning to look for a job, always too busy with their studies to join campus organizations or clubs, to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities, to play with their friends, and to pay attention to anything unconnected with their studies. In short, they are just like a robot. They are under great pressure to do too much work in too little time. If they go to a movie while their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight, they will feel guilty. The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them unfortable and sleepless all night. They study so hard that they hardly have time to savour life and to pursue other interests to grow as all/well-

rounded people. The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health.

胡同

北京有无数的胡同hutong。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅 是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大 厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of mon people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of mon people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard plex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.

The Economist 词汇解析（23）

,m?st?'ke?n]

归化策略

1.

Translating a text from one culture to another usually requires that a choice first be made between two basic translation strategies: domestication and foreignization.

通过分析华语大片的字幕翻译,作者发现归化策略是更常采用的翻译策略。

2.

Based on Andre Lefevere s theory of ideology and poetics and taking Lin Shu s translation as a case, this paper attempts to adopt a descriptive-explanatory method to explore the various hidden ideological and poetological factors accounting for Lin Shu s employment of domestication in his translation process by resituating Lin Shu s translation within the Chinese social-c.

本文基于安德烈·勒弗维尔提出的意识形态和诗学的理论假说,以林纾的翻译为个案,采用描述和解释的研究方法,通过将林纾的翻译活动置于1840至1919年之间这个特殊时代背景之下的中国社会文化语境中,对影响林纾在翻译过程中采用归化策略的各种无形的意识形态和诗学因素作了一个初步的探索。

更多例句>>

2)?domesticating strategy

归化策略

1.

Equivalent Appearance or Equivalent Essence——On influences exercised by domesticating strategy and national-cultural semantics on equivalent translation of idioms;

套“形”?套“神”?——论归化策略和国俗语义对英汉习语的套译的影响

2.

The essay first analyzes its features and traces its origin to the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century,and then carefully examines the strategies commonly adopted in translation,pointing out that the domesticating strategy should be most appropriate in the Chinese translation as it ensures intelligibility to Chinese readers of a culture which would not.

文章通过分析英语同韵俚语的特点及其产生的社会基础,并对常见的翻译方法及翻译策略进行了分析,认为英语同韵俚语汉译应采取归化策略,采用民族中心主义态度,让外来文化入乡随俗,同时,要充分而灵活地利用汉语言及汉文化的各种元素,如文章暗示、加注也是解决这难题的一种较为有效的办法。

驯服的英文

本期原文选自The Economist 2017-01-28的文章In retreat，释义来自牛津高阶七版、灵格斯词典、有道词典、元照英美法词典、维科英汉词典等资源。词汇大串烧见文末小结。如果您也在学习The Economist，欢迎订阅我的文集 The Economist ，一起学习交流。

1domesticate 使喜家具，使精于家务，驯养，驯化；domesticated( adj.); domestication

2marauding劫掠，打劫，猎食；marauder (n.)

3hobble阻止，妨碍，跛行

4outstrip超过，胜过

5out-think以智取胜，比…更善于思考，思考得比…正确（或深刻、迅速等）

6broadside猛烈抨击

7arbitrage套利，套汇，套购

8benchmark基准

9the lion’s share (of sth) 最大或最好的一份

10lingerie女士内衣

11fief封地，势力范围

12unbundle 分门别类，分类

13in tatters破烂不堪，破败的，坍塌的

14blip暂时性的问题，变故，（仪表屏幕上的）光点

15return on equity股权收益率，股本盈利

16yardstick码尺，准绳，衡量标准

17cutting edge尖端，最前沿，优势

18strident强硬的，咄咄逼人的，刺耳的

19gory血腥的，残暴的

20to do sb's bidding服从某人；bidding命令，吩咐，请求

What of consumers and voters? They touch screens, wear clothes and are kept healthy by the products of firms that they dislike as immoral, exploitative and

aloof21

. The golden age of global firms has also been a golden age for consumer choice and efficiency. Its

demise22

may make the world seem fairer. But the retreat of the multinational cannot bring back all the jobs that the likes of Mr Trump promise. And it will mean rising prices, diminishing competition and slowing innovation. In time, millions of small firms trading across borders could replace big firms as transmitters of ideas and capital. But their weight is tiny. People may yet look back on the era when global firms ruled the business world, and regret its passing.

21aloof冷漠，冷淡；keep/hold oneself aloof, remain/stand aloof不参与，漠不关心，无动于衷

22demise终止，倒闭，死亡

小结

跨国公司正在撤回本国（heading home）,原因不只是保护主义的威胁。特朗普讨厌很多事情，大型跨国公司就是其中之一。人们谴责跨国公司将就业机会输出到国外、将工厂建在他国而对美国民众进行了一场“大屠杀（carnage）”。对此，特朗普的回答是驯服（domesticate）这些四处劫掠（marauding）的跨国公司。较低的税率会把现金引入国内，边境收费会对跨境供应链构成阻碍（hobble）。特朗普的保护主义论调非常强硬，但从很多角度来看他的思想已经落伍（behind the times）。跨国公司在2016年民粹主义反抗之前就已经节节败退（in retreat），其财务状况下滑而无法胜过（outstripping）本土公司，为了消减成本和智胜（out-think）本土竞争者也已精疲力尽。特朗普猛烈抨击（broadsides）的对象正是那些非常脆弱（vulnerable）、已经在撤回本国的公司。跨国公司所雇员工仅占全球的1/50，但这些公司非常重要。几千个公司影响着几十亿人的生活。像IBM、麦当劳、福特汽车、H&M、Infosys、联想、本田这样的公司，对于经营管理者来说都是行业的标杆（benchmark）。这些公司拥有绝大部分（the lion’s share）知识产权，从女士内衣（lingerie）设计到虚拟现实软件和糖尿病药物，不一而足。跨国公司在90年代早期蓬勃发展（boomed）。它们没有固守本国“封地（fiefs）”，而是对职能部门进行分类细化（unbundled their functions）。富裕国家的政府希望自己国家的一流企业成为举世无比的强者（becoming world-beaters）。新兴市场国家的政府欢迎跨国公司带来就业机会、出口和技术。那是个黄金时代。跨国公司的崛起，关键在于自诩为赚钱机器，然而这种说法已被击碎（lies in tatters）。在过去五年里，跨国公司的利润下降了25%，资本回报率跌至20年来的最低水平（slipped to their lowest in two decades）。这种痛苦，范围广泛，影响深远，绝不能视为暂时性问题（blip）而轻视。约40%的跨国公司的股权收益率（return on equity）不足10%，这个数字正是股票弱势（underperformance）的衡量标准（yardstick）。这是因为30年的套利窗口期（window of arbitrage）走向终结。公司税单已经不能再低。中国工厂的工人工资正在上涨。本土公司变得更加精明老练（sophisticated）。各行各业最前沿的（at the cutting edge）企业已经不是跨国公司，而是本土企业。风云突变的政治前景让巨型公司更难生存。世界各国开始充分利用跨国公司的价值，特朗普的强硬（strident）手段体现了这种转变。中国不仅希望跨国公司将供应链设在中国，还希望其在中国开展研发等智力活动。特朗普执政只会加快血腥的（gory）重组进程。很多公司规模太大了，需要将其宏伟帝国缩小。还有些公司在各自市场扎根越来越深。另一个策略是“无形化”。但这种虚拟跨国公司在民粹主义面前还是很脆弱。跨国公司对政客的命令言听计从（promise to do their bidding），其撤退会让政客有一种更强烈的控制感。但并不是每个国家都能在同一公司的生产、就业和纳税环节占有更多的份额。过去20年来主导的商业形式快速撤退，会带来混乱的局面。那么消费者和选民又会受到哪些影响呢？他们认为跨国公司道德缺失、唯利是图、冷漠无情（aloof），而他们使用的电子产品、衣物和保健用品正是来自其憎恨的这些企业。跨国公司的消亡（demise）可能让世界更公平。但其撤退并不能将特朗普之辈许诺的就业机会全部带回本国。其结果是，物价上涨，竞争减弱，创新减慢。人们回想起跨国公司统治世界的年代，只能扼腕叹息。

*注：本文仅供学习交流之用，不代表作者观点。

麻烦翻译一下这几个国际营销的专业术语

驯服英文有tame;docile;break;domestication;

一、驯服出处：

杨沫《青春之歌》第一部第九章：“余永泽觉得很幸福。能够把这么个不易驯服的女孩子征服了，能够得到这么一个年轻、漂亮的爱人，他是多么高兴啊。”

引证释义：杨朔《黄河之水天上来》：“可是黄河并不驯服，从古到今，动不动便溢出河道，泛滥得一片汪洋。”老舍《四世同堂》二七：“钱老人的神志逐渐清爽，在他看，便是残暴的日本人没有能力治服了一位诗人的证明。”

《史记·秦本纪》：“［大费］佐舜驯鸟兽，鸟兽多驯服。”宋叶适《故知广州薛公墓志铭》：“故绍兴虽忍垢买和，终纳外侮，而内地驯服，纲纪粗伸，由能用公，而闽楚之功集也。”杨朔《黄河之水天上来》：“可是黄河并不驯服，从古到今，动不动便溢出河道，泛滥得一片汪洋。”

二、词语释义：

1、驯服，读音xùn fú，汉语词语，意思是顺从。使其温和顺从。

2、击败（拼音：jī bài）释义：打败、战胜的意思。

3、击退，读音jī tuì，汉语词语，基本意思为打击使对方后退。

三、造句：

1、冬天的风，像一只难以驯服的野马，在田地里奔跑着。

2、所有的成功，与驯服自己的成功比起来，都是微不足道。所有的失败，与失往自己的失败比起来，更是微不足道。

3、能够驯服早晨的人，必能驯服早起的人生。

4、在专制政治下，一切大小官僚不过是专制政治的附庸和驯服的工具，只能将自己依附于某种权势，仰人鼻息，毫无独立人格可言。

5、他们的工会，过去曾经是无能为力的和驯服的，而今是集体交涉中有力的工具。

6、绝地委员会希望暗女能驯服奥拉好勇斗狠的本性。

求翻译策略，归化异化英文定义，

安全阀门活动：

Psychological距离：

Accidental出口商：

全球性的Born ：

Innate出口商：

Exploratory阶段：

Export适应：

Sogoshosha ：

Penetration定价

Expropriation

Confiscation ：

Domestication ：

Overinvest ：

Lobbyists

Acculturation

The Definition of Domestication and Foreignization

Lawrence Venuti,a famous American translator,he was the first persom to introduced domestication and foreignization in his book The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation.He said“foreignization is an approach that the translator leaves the author in peace,as much as possible,and moves the reader towards him”while domestication is one that the translator "leaves the reader in peace,as much as possible,and moves the author towards him"(Venuti,2004:19-20)By developing these two terms Venuti meant to argue against the tendency of the transparent translation and invisibility of the translator.In his opinion,domestication is a derogative term.On the basis of Venuti's theory,Schuttleworth and Cowie in their book" Dictionary of Translation Studies"define the term of domestication in this way:“A term used by Venuti(1995)to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent,fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers...it is identified with a policy common in dominant cultures which are 'aggressively monolingual,unreceptive to the foreign',and which he describes as being ' accustomed to fluent translations that invisibly inscribe foreign text with[target language] values and provide readers with narcissistic experience of recognizing their own culture in a cultural other'.(Schuttleworth& Cowie,2004:43-44) Foreignizing translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original."(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:59) Venuti regarded foreignizing translation as a challenge towards domestication and the function is to "register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text,sending the reader abroad."(Venuti,2004:20) In translation, domestication means removing all strangeness and foreignness of the source text and making the translation read like the original. Domestication is oriented towards the target language. Foreignization is the opposite approach and by applying this method the foreignness of the source language will be kept to the greatest possible extent and the translation will certainly read like a translation.